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Article I: Legislative Branch
Section I: Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States

1. Legislative Power herein granted will be vested in the Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States. The Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States will consist of the Senate and the Council of Representatives.

Section II: The Council of Representatives

1. The Council of Representatives of the Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States will consist of representatives from each state, elected every two (2) years by their respective states.

2. Representatives-Candidate will be at least twenty-one (21) years of age by the time they first report to the Council of Representatives to execute their official duties, have been a Hansdeltanian citizen for no less than eight (8) years, and have actively resided in their respective state and/or district continuously for no less than five (5) years. Representatives and Representatives-Candidate may been convicted of no more than one misdemeanor and no felonies.

3. All states, regardless of population, will be guaranteed at least two (2) representatives in the Council of Representatives. States with populations exceeding one million, five hundred thousand (1,500,000) will be, for the purposes of congressional representation only, divided into no more than twenty (20) districts, with no partisan, political, nor social bias. Each district, if applicable, will have no more than two (2) representatives serving it in the Council of Representatives. Representatives will be elected alternating years in states with multiple districts.

4. Should a vacancy occur prematurely, either due to the resignation, impeachment, death, or otherwise permanent removal from office, the executive body of the state with the absent representative or representatives will call an election to occupy the vacancy. Should said vacancy occur in a multi-district State, said election will be restricted to said District only.

5. The Council of Representatives will elect its seniormost member by number of years served to act as its chancellor and other officers by appropriate requirement.

6. The Council of Representatives will have the sole power of impeachment. A two-thirds (2/3) majority will be required to charge and impeach.

Section III: The Senate

1. The Senate will consist of Senators from each state, elected every six (6) years by their respective states.

2. Senators-Candidate will be no younger than thirty (30) years of age by the time they report to the Senate to execute their official duties. They must also have served as a representative for their state or district for at least one full term honorably, have possessed Hansdeltanian citizenship for at least twelve (12) years, and have actively resided in their respective states for no less than fifteen (15) years.

3. All states, regardless of population, will have three (3) Senators in the Senate. Senators will be elected via contingent voting by their respective states.

4. Should a vacancy occur in the Senate prematurely, either due to the resignation, impeachment, death, or otherwise permanent removal from office, the executive body of the state with an absent senator may call a snap election for an official to occupy the vacancy until the term ends.

5. The Vice President of the Federal Union will serve as the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate will hold one vote in all Senate deliberations.

6. The Senate will elect a President Pro Tempore of the Senate, regardless of the status or present state of the incumbent Vice President of the Federal Union. The President Pro Tempore will act as President of the Senate in the event that the Vice President of the Federal Union is unable to execute his or her duties as President of the Senate. The President Pro Tempore must have honorably completed one (1) term. The Senate will elect other officers by requirement or necessity.

7. The Senate will have the sole power to try impeachment. When convened by the President of Senate, it will be under oath. In the event that the President of the Federal Union or the Vice President of the Federal Union be tried, the Chief Justice of the Grand Court of the Federal Union will preside. No conviction will occur without the concurrence of two-thirds (2/3) of all members.

8. Impeachment will be valid provided that the reason for removal be due to ill-qualification or felony offenses. Impeachment is invalid if due to political or partisan bias or motive, or due to mistrial as declared by the Grand Court of the Federal Union. The Grand Court of the Federal Union may review all impeachment trials except those of its own members.

Section IV: Meetings

1. The Senate and the Council of Representatives will meet in their respective chambers at the start and the middle of each month. At the conclusion of each month, both Chambers will convene together in a joint Senate–Council of Representatives session. The Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States will adjourn for the year from the fifteenth day of June to the fifteenth day of July.

Section V: Proceedings

1. The Senate and Council of Representatives will be responsible for their respective elections, conduct, and qualifications of their respective members. A simple majority of fifty-one (51) percent of each chamber's members is required for the execution of official business. Each chamber may compel absent members to participate in meetings.

2. The Senate and Council of Representatives may determine their respective codes of conduct for their respective proceedings; censure, condemn, or otherwise punish their own members for disorderly conduct; and, at the concurrence of two-thirds (2/3) present, expel a member. Members who have been expelled will be forbidden from election to their original chamber for ten (10) years.

3. The Senate and Council of Representatives will keep and maintain a record of events occurring during their meetings and in their chambers. At the behest of one-fourth (1/4) of those present, the votes of those present will be entered into records for that particular vote. At the behest or decree of the President of the Federal Union or the Grand Court of the Federal Union, the Senate or Council of Representatives will surrender their records for inspection. All records of Congress will be publicly accessible in a National Archive.

4. During each monthly joint session of the Senate and Council of Representatives, either chamber may request a pause for said session. If the opposite Chamber agrees, the meeting will be adjourned for no more than three (3) days. Should members wish to extend adjournment past three (3) days, both entities must reconvene daily to extend adjournment for each day. Adjournment will not extend past ten (10) days. The presence of no less than three-fifths (3/5) of all members will be required to extend adjournment.

Section VI: Privileges and Immunities

1. Members of the Senate and the Council of Representatives will be compensated for the duties of their office as determined by law and paid from the Treasury of the Federal Union. If members seek to amend their compensation, such amendment will not be effective until the next election of the Senate has completed.

2. Members of the Senate and Council of Representatives will remain subject to the Laws, Statutes, Regulations, and Codes of the Hansdeltanian Federation. They will be exempt from arrest while actively participating in a meeting or joint session, except in cases of treason, crimes against the state, disruption of the peace, or espionage.

3. No Members of the Congress will hold any other public or foreign office except their own or in the reserve or guard components of the armed services during their tenure.

Section VII: Revenue and Executive Veto

1. All bills drafted for the purposes of raising the revenue of the Federation will originate from the Council of Representatives. The Senate may propose amendments to said bills but may not be permitted to draft them.

2. Bills may originate from either chamber. Bills that have achieved a quorum of two-thirds (2/3) in their original chamber will be delivered to the other for an approval by three-fifths (3/5) concurrence.

3. Bills that have passed both chambers will be presented to the President of the Federation for signature of approval or veto. If the President of the Federal Union vetoes, he or she will include his or her concerns, comments, or objections to the original chamber that drafted the bill in question. The bill will reenter the cycle as specified by Article I, Section VII, Subsection 2 of the Federal Charter. If the President of the Federal Union once again vetoes the newly revised bill, the bill may either be discarded following a two-thirds (2/3) agreement from each Chamber. Alternatively, the Senate and Council of Representatives may initiate proceedings to override the presidential veto with a quorum of approval of seven-tenths (7/10) of the original chamber and two-thirds (2/3) of the other chamber. Bills passed by presidential signature or presidential override will be codified into law. Bills presented to the President of the Federation will automatically be vetoed if the President of the Federation neither signs it or vetoes it within ten (10) days of presentation.

Section VIII: Powers Granted to Congress

1. The Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States will have the authority to impose and collect taxes, duties, tariffs, and posts at uniform rates; to pay for the common defense, welfare, and advancement of the states in Federation; to pay debts;

2. To borrow and lend money on the credit of the Federation;

3. To regulate trade with foreign nations and the territories under their jurisdiction, and in between the several states in Federation;

4. To establish standard immigration and citizenship laws and rules, and of bankruptcies, in the Federation;

5. To mint and coin a common currency, regulate its value, and establish a common system of measurements;

6. To punish counterfeiting and other financial crimes against the states in Federation;

7. To establish post offices and maintain the national infrastructure;

8. To promote the advancement of the people through science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics by securing exclusive rights for writings and discoveries;

9. To promote a secular, humanist society to promote the Advancement of the People;

10. To establish tribunals and courts inferior to the Grand Court of the Federation;

11. To define and punish offenses in international waters and offenses contrary to international law;

12. To declare states of war or of peace and regulate captured war materiel;

13. To sanction federal armed services;

14. To summon a national guard militia to suppress rebellions, riots, and revolts; and defend the Hansdeltanian Federation against foreign invasion; and relieve crises;

15. To arm, regulate, and organize said national guard militia and reserve it to the several states in Federation;

16. To exclusively exercise legislation to unincorporated states, overseas, or foreign territories and departments;

17. And to establish a federal district independent of the states in Federation, of which the former houses the Capital.

Section IX: Powers Denied to Congress

1. The writ of Habeas Corpus will not be suspended except in the event of foreign invasion.

2. No bill of attainder nor ex post facto laws will be passed, nor will they be declared valid.

3. No taxes or duties may be passed on interstate commerce.

4. No vessel nor transportation assets of a state will be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in a state outside their own.

5. No money may be withdrawn from the Treasury of the Federal Union without codification into law as defined by Article I, Section VII, Subsection 3. All financial records will be made publicly accessible in a National Archive.

6. Titles of nobility will not be granted nor recognized. No person bearing allegiance and citizenship to the Hansdeltanian Federation may accept such titles without the consent of two-thirds (2/3) of the Federal United Congress.

Section X: Powers Denied to States

1. States may not independently join in treaties, alliances, or confederations; declare states of war or of peace; mint and coin currency unique to each state; assign military commissions and contracts; nor grant titles of nobility.

2. States may not maintain military forces except those sanctioned by the Federal United Congress or when invasion is imminent or in progress.

3. No state may issue its own imposts or duties without the consent of two-thirds (2/3) of the Federal United Congress, except as needed for the execution of inspections.

Article II: Executive Branch
Section I: President and Vice President of the Federal Union

1. Executive power will be vested in the President of the Federal Union of Hansdeltania. He or she may hold the Presidency for no more than three (3) Terms of five (5) years each, two (2) of which may be consecutive. The Vice President of the Federal Union will serve alongside the President of the Federal Union in the same term.

2. The President and Vice President of the Federal Union will be popularly elected on the same ticket in three (3) rounds of run-off voting. The first round of run-off voting will result in the five (5) most favored candidates proceeding to the second round. The second round will result in the two most favored candidates proceeding to the final round. The Final round of run-off voting will elect the most popular candidate to the Presidency.

3. Presidents-Candidate and Vice Presidents-Candidate will be thirty (30) years of age or older and hold Hansdeltanian citizenship. Candidates must have resided within the Federation for no less than twenty (20) continuous years, ten (10) of which must be immediately before candidacy. Naturalized citizens will not be prevented from candidacy but must have lived at least three-fourths (3/4) of their age at the time of candidacy as a Hansdeltanian citizen. Hansdeltanian nationals with multiple citizenships will be allowed candidacy status under the same provisions of naturalized foreigners, provided that the place of birth is within Hansdeltanian borders and that they have not possessed foreign citizenship in excess of five (5) years. A President-Candidate and Vice President-Candidate will not have been convicted of any crimes, barring any misdemeanors where said candidates were sentenced to a small monetary fine.

4. In the event that the President of the Federal Union is no longer capable of discharging his or her powers, either due to resignation, impeachment, death, illness, or otherwise removal from office, the Vice President will serve as Acting President. Should the Vice President experience the same, the Chancellor of the Council of Representatives will succeed provided he or she meets the Requirements as set by Article II, Section I, Subsection 3. If the same befalls the Chancellor of the Council of Representatives, or the Chancellor does not meet the requirements, the Secretaries of the Executive Departments will succeed if they meet the requirements.

5. The President and Vice President of the Federal Union will be compensated equally for their service to the Hansdeltanian Federation. During their terms or services, they will not accept any other office, public private, or other compensation.

   6. Before being allowed the Presidency of the Federal Union, the President-Elect will swear, "I do solemnly affirm that, in exercising the powers and duties of the Presidency of the Hansdeltanian Federation, I will preserve, protect, and defend to the best of my ability the Federal Charter for the Hansdeltanian Federation, the territories under its jurisdiction, and those who swear their allegiance to it. I take this obligation freely, with no mental reservation, that I will respect and protect the rights, freedoms, and advancements guaranteed by the Federal Charter to the Hansdeltanian peoples, and to protect and preserve the advancement, integrity, security, and sovereignty of the Hansdeltanian Nation."

Section II: Powers Granted to the Presidency

1. The President of the Federal Union will concurrently serve as the Commander in Chief of the Federal Armed Services of the Hansdeltanian Federation and of the national guard militia, when summoned into actual Service to the Federal Union. He or she may require the opinion of the chief officer of the Executive Departments regarding their respective offices. The President of the Federal Union will have the sole power to reprieve or pardon offenses committed against the Federal Union, except for impeachment.

2. The President of the Federal Union will, at the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate of the Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States, make treaties, alliances, confederations, and agreements; nominate ambassadors, consuls, Justices of the Grand Court, and other officers of the Federal Union whose post has not yet been provided for but has been lawfully established.

3. Should the Senate be in recess, the President of the Federal Union will have have the power to occupy any vacancies by granting commissions expiring at the conclusion of the succeeding Session.

Section III: Presidential Duties

1. The President of the Federal Union will deliver regular addresses to the People and the Federal United Congress regarding the State of the Federation. The President of the Federal Union may recommend to the Federal United Congress certain measures that he or she determines to be necessary and timely.

2. The President of the Federal Union may, on extraordinary occasions, summon an emergency session of the Federal United Congress as a Whole or from either chamber, or to adjourn the Federal United Congress when the latter fails to agree to a certain period for adjournment.

3. The President of the Federal Union will receive all ambassadors, consuls, and other public ministers.

4. The President of the Federal Union will ensure the prompt and faithful execution of all laws.

5. The President of the Federal Union will have the sole power to Commission Officers of the Federal Union.

Section IV: Impeachment

1. The President, Vice President, and other civil officers may be removed from office by impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, corruption, perversion or obstruction of justice, use of office for personal gain, and other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Article III: Judicial Branch
Section I: Grand Court of the Federal Union

1. The judicial power of the Federal Union will be reserved to one Grand Court and any lesser courts that the Federal Congress may establish. The Judges and Justices of the Courts, Grand and lesser, will be compensated for their services, not to be amended for the duration of their service in office.

Section II: Jurisdiction

1. The authority and power of the judiciary of the Federal Union will be extended to all cases of law and equity, the ideas embodied in the Federal Charter, the laws of the Federal Union, and treaties under authority of the Federal Union; to all cases involving ambassadors, consuls, and other public ministers and international jurisdiction; to disputes in which the Federal Union is party to; and to cases in which both parties are of different states or of different nationalities.

2. In cases where foreign officials or a State are a party to, the Grand Court will reserve original jurisdiction. In all other cases, the Grand Court will retain appellate jurisdiction.

3. Except for impeachment, all trials of crime will be by a jury and be held in the State where the initial crime or crimes occurred. When such crime or crimes occur outside a State, the Federal United Congress may determine where trial will occur.

Section IV: Treason

1. Treason against the Federal Union will only consist of willful espionage against the Federal Union or attempts thereto; incitement of war, insurrection, or rebellion against the Federal Union or attempts thereto; providing aid and comfort to an enemy of the Federal Union or attempting thereto; or replacement of the Government of the Federal Union by illegal means or attempts thereto.

Article IV: Relations Between States and Federal Government
Section I: Records

1. States will be entitled to full faith and credit to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other States.

2. The Federal United Congress reserves the right to determine how said acts, records, and judicial proceedings may be proven, and the effect thereof.

Section II: Legal Status

1. The Citizens of each State will be entitled to all rights, privileges, and immunities of Citizens of the Federal Union.

2. Fugitives of justice who flee to another State will be returned to the original State having jurisdiction of the crime by demand of the Executive Authority of the State having jurisdiction.

Section III: Admission to and Expulsion or Secession from the Federal Union

1. The Federal United Congress reserves the Sole Right to admit new States into the Federal Union. No State may be formed by the union of multiple states or portions of a State or multiple States without the consent of the Legislative Authorities of the States concerned.

2. Upon the request of nine-tenths (9/10) of the member States of the Federal Union, the Hansdeltanian Federal Congress will hold a convention of voters to expel a State from Federal Union. Expulsion of a State will only occur upon four-fifths (4/5) of such a convention approving such a motion.

3. No State will be allowed to freely declare secession without undergoing the Procedures for Expulsion as defined by Article IV, Section III, Subsection 2.

Section IV: State–Federal Relations

1. The Federal Union will guarantee a republican, liberal democracy to every State in the Federal Union. It will be the Federal Union's solemn duty to defend each of them from foreign invasion and, in extraordinary cases specified by the Legislative Authorities (or Executive, when the former cannot convene) of the State, in domestic violence or uprisings.

Section V: Emergency Confederation Status

In wartime, should the Federal Armed Forces be unable to prevent the capture of the Federal Capital District by an invading enemy force, each State will separate from the Federal Union into an Emergency Confederal Union to nullify any attempts by the Federal Government to surrender to said enemy force.

1. The Federal United Congress reserves the right to declare an Emergency Confederal Union if the capture and fall of the Federal Capital District is inevitable. In the event the Federal United Congress is unable to do so, four-fifths (4/5) of all States may declare an Emergency Confederal Union.

2. The States will rejoin into the Federal Union within six (6) months of the Liberation of the Federal Capital District. States already in the Federal Union by the time Emergency Confederal Union status was initiated are not subject to the admissions requirements of Article IV, Section III, Subsection 2.

Article V: Military Forces
Section I: Composition

1. The Federal Armed Forces will consist of a Federal Army for operations on land, a Federal Navy for operations at sea, a Federal Air Force for aerial operations ^{Added 1923}, a Federal Corps of Marines for enforcement of order aboard Navy vessels and operations on land and at sea, a Federal Space Force for operations in the cosmos ^{Added 2021}, a Federal Coast Guard for maritime law enforcement, reservist elements for extraordinary circumstances; and a national guard militia reserved to the several States for the suppression of internal violence and maintenance of internal order.

2. The Federal United Congress will have the sole authority in establishing and disestablishing service branches. Article V, Section I, Subsection 1 will be updated accordingly with such establishments or disestablishments.

Section II: Conscription

1. All natural-born and naturalized Citizens of the Federal Union will be obligated to register for National Service upon reaching the age of eighteen (18) years. They will not be compelled to serve except when called by the Federal United Congress for extraordinary circumstances.

2. Any person who is called to arms for military service but objects on grounds of conscientious belief may render alternative service that will not exceed the term of military service. Conscientious objectors will have the right to complete their service with an entity that is wholly unrelated to the Federal Armed Forces.

Section III: Leadership and Control

1. The President of the Federal Union will serve as the Commander in Chief of the Hansdeltanian Federal Armed Forces. He or she will appoint an executive officer to head the Hansdeltanian Federal Armed Forces and a Marshal of the Federal Union from the ranks of generals and admirals within the Armed Forces.

2. Leadership of the Hansdeltanian Federal Armed Forces will lie solely within civilian officers.

Section IV: Conflict Without Congress

1. The Commander in Chief of the Hansdeltanian Federal Armed Forces may commit the Federal Union to an armed conflict abroad without the Declaration of a State of War for no more thirty (30) consecutive days. Following this, the Commander in Chief must have the authorization for the use of military forces from the Federal United Congress or a Declaration of a State of War to continue armed conflict.

2. The Commander in Chief of the Hansdeltanian Federal Armed Forces may commit the Federal Union to an armed conflict without the consent of the Federal United Congress upon the Declaration of a National Emergency, provided that said Declaration of National Emergency follow a direct attack on the sovereignty of the Federation.

Article VI: Amendment

1. The Federal United Congress, upon the agreement of two-thirds (2/3) of both Chambers of its necessity or two thirds (2/3) of the States of the Federal Union, will propose amendments to the Federal Charter. Amendments will become valid with all intents and purposes upon the agreement of three-fourths (3/4) of the Legislative Authorities, or Conventions in three-fourths (3/4) thereof, of the several States of the Federal Union, or by other means proposed by the Federal United Congress.

2. Any amendment that seeks to abolish the federal nature of government, the constitutional order of this charter, or the charter itself will be invalid.

Article VII: Bill of Rights

1. All persons are born free and equal in rights.

2. All persons will never be denied their freedom to speak freely, to assemble peaceably, and to petition for a redress of grievances, and freedom of the honest media, without worry of retaliation nor suppression by the Government.

3. In order to promote the Advancement of the People, the Federal United Congress will guarantee to all persons the freedom to speak freely, without retaliation nor suppression; the freedom to think freely, without retaliation nor suppression; the freedom from want and poverty; and the freedom from fear and terror.

4. In the interests of the defense of the Federal Union, the right to keep, maintain, and bear arms of persons serving and owing allegiance to the Federal Union will not be infringed upon.

5. No person, during times of peace, will be obliged to domicile a serviceman or servicemen in one's home without one's consent, except in a manner prescribed by the Federal United Congress.

6. The right of the people to be free and secure within their own persons, homes, documents, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, will not be infringed upon.

7. No person may be arrested for any crime without a warrant issued under oath or affirmation by a Judge of the Law, and any warrants issued will describe the place to be searched and the manner of which items or persons are to be seized.

8. No person will be held accountable for a capital or otherwise heinous crime, except in the convocation of a Grand Jury or in the Armed Service of the Federal Union during a time of war or National Emergency. No person may be twice subjected to jeopardy of life or limb; nor be compelled to testify against oneself; be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of Law; nor private property be seized for public use without consent or compensation.

9. In all prosecutions of criminal nature, the accused will enjoy the right to a prompt and public trial, to be informed of the nature of such an accusation, to confront witnesses against them and summon witnesses favoring them, and to have the assistance of counsel for their defense.

10. In disputes of common law where the value of controversy exceeds one hundred (100) hansdeltanoes, accordingly adjusted for inflation, the right to trial by jury will solely remain for its resolution.

11. A person accused of a crime will not suffer excessive bail, and a person convicted of a crime will not suffer excessive fines or punishments of cruel and/or unusual nature.

12. A person born within the borders of the Federal Union, or on property thereof, or to a citizen or citizens thereof, will enjoy citizenship of the Federal Union by birthright.

13. A person, having been a legal permanent resident for no less than five (5) years, of which no less than four-fifths (4/5) is continuous residence in the Federal Union, or honorably completing four (4) years' Service in the Armed Forces of the Federal Union (or a legal minor in the care of), and taken and sworn an Oath of Allegiance in the presence of a Federal Judge of the Law, will enjoy citizenship of the Federal Union by naturalization. Citizens by naturalization will swear, "I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Federal Charter and Laws of the Federal Union against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms in the name of the Federal Union when summoned; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion."

14. The rights hereby guaranteed in the Federal Charter will not be construed in a way that denies or disparages others retained by the People.

15. The Powers not delegated to the Federal Union nor prohibited to the States will be reserved to the States and to the People.

Amendments
First Amendment: Social Rights (1807)

1. An individual's rights lose their validity when they interfere with the rights of another individual.

2. All individuals will have the right to live healthy and intellectual lives without fear of hunger or loss of residence.

3. No person will be compelled to announce or denounce his own beliefs by any officers or their agents and deputies of the Federal Union.

4. No person having been convicted of a crime and served his sentence in full will be denied his right to vote or of speaking freely, assembling peaceably, or petitioning for a redress of grievances.

5. In cases where the penalty for conviction of a crime is death, the method used to terminate the convicted person's life will not cause undue suffering to himself nor last longer than medically necessary to induce death. A death sentence will be executed as soon as possible except when the convicted has appealed. The convicted will decide if he may allow a public audience to view his execution.

6. All persons with legal residence in the Federal Union will be free to determine their residence. They will not be compelled to reside in one particular area nor be forbidden residence, except in cases where their residence is determined to be a threat by municipal authorities.

7. All persons possessing citizenship of the Federal Union will not be denied entry into the Federal Union nor be denied exit from thereto, except in cases where the Citizen is on a flight from justice.

8. No officer of the Federal Union, or his agents and deputies thereof, may enter the diplomatic missions of foreign nations without the express written permission of the mission in question.

Second Amendment: Sovereignty Against Suits (1808)

1. No State of the Federal Union will be party to a suit by the citizen of another State, or of a foreign nation, outside its boundaries.

Third Amendment: Police Protection (1841)

1. No officer of the peace or law may use lethal methods to defend the public peace except when the offenders of public peace have used lethal methods themselves.

2. No officer of the peace or law may use instruments causing physical trauma to defend the public peace except when the offenders of Public Peace have used instruments causing physical trauma to initiate or maintain public disorder.

3. No officer of the peace or law may use instruments causing long-term or permanent trauma to defend the public peace except when the offenders of public peace have used instruments causing long-term or permanent trauma to initiate or maintain public disorder.

4. No officer of the peace or law may execute his duties without possessing a warrant or commission authorizing him as a defender of law and order.

5. When detaining a person suspected of a crime, no officer of the peace or law may restrain the suspected in a way that puts his life under jeopardy.

Fourth Amendment: Involuntary Servitude (1845)

1. No person will enter slavery nor servitude without his consent for labor in any form in the Federal Union.

Fifth Amendment: Voting Rights I (1869)

1. All adult Citizens aged twenty (20) years or older, and not currently serving a sentence for a criminal conviction, will not be denied the right to vote on the basis of age, race, or sex.

Sixth Amendment: Non-State Representation (1894)

1. All Federal Districts, Territories, and Unincorporated States under the Jurisdiction and Sovereignty of the Federal Union for one (1) year will enjoy representation in the Council of Representatives of the Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States.

2. The number of Representatives of a particular Federal District, Territory, or Unincorporated State will not exceed that of the member State with the least number of Representatives in the Council of Representatives.

3. No Federal District, Territory, or Unincorporated State may suffer loss of representation in the Federal United Congress without a convention of voters to expel a state upon the request of nine-tenths (9/10) of all States. Denial of representation to a Federal District, Territory, or Unincorporated State will only occur if four-fifths (4/5) of said convention of voters approves a motion.

Seventh Amendment: Voting Rights II (1906)

1. No citizen of the Federal Union otherwise eligible to vote will be denied his or her right to do so for failure to pay a poll tax or fee or any other tax or fee.

Eighth Amendment: Voting Rights III (1938)

1. All adult Citizens aged eighteen (18) years or older, and not currently serving a sentence for a criminal conviction, will not be denied the right to vote on the basis of age, race, sex, or belief.

Ninth Amendment: Bodily Rights (1947)

1. All persons in the borders and jurisdiction of the Federal Union will have final decision regarding their bodies and health, except where contradicting heavily against established science.

2. All female persons will have final decision regarding their pregnancy, or prevention thereof.

3. It is the right of all persons of legal age to partake in sexual intercourse, or not to partake thereof, with other persons of legal age for any purpose.

Tenth Amendment: Human and Citizenship Rights (1955)

1. Human dignity is inviolable. It is the duty of the state to respect it and protect it.

2. No person will be compelled to relinquish or renounce their citizenship against their will for any reason.

3. No person will be subjected to inferior or different treatment due to their age, sex, sexual expression, religious beliefs or lack thereof, race, ethnic origin, or national origin.

Eleventh Amendment: Rights of the Worker (1962)

1. No person will be compelled to work, nor be forbidden from employment. They will not be compelled to join a union nor be forbidden from joining a union.

2. It is the right of every worker to go on strike for a redress of grievances from their employer. No worker may be terminated from employment for participating in a strike. No employer is forbidden to replace a striking worker.

3. No employer may terminate a worker's employment without providing just cause for termination.

4. It is the right and duty of every worker to make public of activity that is illegal, immoral, unsafe, or fraudulent. It is the right for every worker to remain anonymous in publicizing said activities. No worker may be terminated from employment for publicizing such activities.

5. It is the right of every worker to take leave for the birth of a child, regardless of sex.

6. It is the right of every worker to be paid equally amongst their peers of equal work, regardless of sex.

7. It is the right of every worker to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitations on working hours and periodic days off with pay.

Twelfth Amendment: Rights of the Child (1975)

1. It is obligatory for children to be educated on the virtues of a liberal democracy, the vices of authoritarianism and totalitarianism, and the values of a healthy, wholesome life.

2. No child will be subject to mental, physical, or emotional abuse.

3. All children are entitled to the same freedoms to speak freely and to think freely and from want and from fear and terror the same as all adults.

4. Children will not be exploited.

5. No entity may have in their employ children under the age of 16 years working full time or the age of 15 working part time. They will be paid the same as their adult peers for the same work.

6. No child under the age of 17 years will be obligated to military service.

7. Children have the right to healthy, wholesome lives.

Thirteenth Amendment: Defense of the Charter (proposed 1805, ratified 1988)

1. It will be the right and duty of all Hansdeltanians to resist any person or entity seeking to abolish the constitutional order enshrined in this charter.

Fourteenth Amendment: Military Intervention on Humanitarian or Democratic Grounds (2024)

1. The Human Rights and Democracy Intervention Act of 2019 is hereby made part of this charter.

2. If the Federal United Congress of Hansdeltanian States or a supranational organization passes a resolution declaring a foreign state to be an abuser of human rights or to be violently undemocratic, the President of the Federal Union will have the authority to order a military intervention until the restoration or enactment of human rights or democracy.

3. Neither the President nor the Federal Armed Forces may directly seize control over the organs of state power of an abuser state where such organs are still intact and capable of government.

Japanese Air Force

日本共和国空軍
Nihon Kyōwakoku Kūgun

Emblem of the Republic of Japan Air Force

Founded	1 July 1954
Current form	15 May 2020
Country	Republic of Japan
Type	Air force
Role	Aerial warfare
Size	54,358 personnel
	958 aircraft
Part of	Armed Forces of the Republic of Japan
Headquarters	Ichigaya, Shinjuku, Tokyo
Motto	"Key to Defense, ready anytime!"
Colors	Ultramarine blue, karakurenai red
March	"Sora No Seiei" ("Sky Elite")
Anniversaries	1 July (Defense Force Day)

Commanders

Commander in Chief	Kazuki Araya
Minister of Defense	Keiki Kobayashi
Chief of Staff, Joint Staff	General of the Army Kōji Yamazaki, ROJA
Chief of the Air Staff	General of the Air Force Kazutoki Kono, ROJAF

Insignia

Flag
Roundel
Symbol

Aircraft

Attack	F-2A, F-4EJ, F-35JA
Electronic warfare	E-2J, E-767A
Fighter	F-2A, F-4EJ, F-14J, F-15J, F-15J+, F-22J, F-35JA
Helicopter	UH-60J
Reconnaissance	RF-4EJ, TACOM
Trainer	F-2B, F-15DJ, T-4, T-7
Transport	C-1, C-2, C-130H, B747-400, B777-300ER

It is estimated that, as of 2019, the ROJAF has approximately 54,350 personnel and 958 aircraft. Of the 958 aircraft in the ROJAF's aircraft fleet, 506 of them are fighters.

History
Under the Choseonese Empire, Japan did not have a nominally independent air arm. The Choseonese Imperial Army Air Force was tasked with supporting ground offensive operations; the Choseonese Imperial Naval Air Service was tasked with strategic offensive operations. Following Japan's nominal independence at the end of the Circum-Pacific War in 1947, the newly-born Republic of Japan organized its defectors from the Choseonese imperial military into the Japanese Security Forces. Those with flight experience went mostly to the Japanese Security Air Wing. In July 1954, the Japanese Security Forces reorganized into the Japanese Defense Forces. The Japanese Security Ground Component became the Ground Defense Force, the Japanese Security Sea Force became the Japanese Maritime Defense Force, and the Air Wing became the Air Defense Force. General Keizō Hayashi, a former officer in the Choseonese imperial military, was appointed as the first Chairman of the Joint Staff Council (now the Joint Staff).

In late 1954, the Hansdeltanian Federation Air Force turned over 90 combat-capable aircraft, giving the JADF combat-capable aircraft for the first time instead of crudely armed liaison aircraft. These ironically included F-47 Thunderbolts and F-51 Mustangs, which had dueled Japanese-built aircraft during the Circum-Pacific War some 10 years before. After this, the Hansdeltanian Federation left the Republic of Japan to its own devices.

However, the First Tsushima Strait War broke out in 1958 after Choseon accused the Republic of Japan of smuggling weapons to various nationalist militias in the Empire and declared war. While the Japanese Maritime Defense Forces were unable to prevent Choseonese forces occupying the Tsushima islands, they did manage to stop them from landing on the Japanese mainland. However, Japanese piston fighters struggled to stop Choseonese jet fighters from harassing towns and cities on Kyushu and western Honshu. The First Tsushima War ended in 1963 after a Hansdeltanian-brokered peace deal; Choseon was allowed to continue occupying the islands as long as they did not put military equipment on them. The Republic of Japan recognized the power of the jet fighter and bought more than one hundred Hansdeltanian jet fighters and license-built many more in the following years. Japanese air power contributed to the Japanese victory in the Second Tsushima Strait War in 1976 following Choseonese remilitarization of the islands.

In 1968, the JADF opened up its ranks to women. In 1989, women were allowed to fly combat aircraft. As of 2019, there are 153 female pilots, 37 of whom fly combat aircraft. There are an additional 26 female pilots undergoing flight training and 9,254 other women in other roles.

In 1988, the JADF acquired its first F-15A Eagle from the New Federation of Hansdeltania.

Air Defense Command's headquarters relocated from Fuchu Air Base to Yokota Air Base in 1997 to decrease information delays to aircraft in the air.

Starting in 2009, Choseon began flying more aircraft near and within the Japanese Air Defense Identification Zone. Violations of the ADIZ peaked in 2016 with 989 incidents—nearly three incidents per day.

The Second Choseonese Conflict began in 2019 after the Choseonese Nationalist Party took over the Choseonese Diet. The ultranationalist organization urged for a redemption of the Choseonese national identity after its humiliating defeat in the Circum-Pacific War and announced that they would be reclaiming stolen lands under a nuclear umbrella. In June, Choseonese forces attempted an invasion of Japan; like in the First Conflict, the JMDF was able to stop Choseonese troops from landing. The JADF, however, managed to score multiple victories with the F-15. The Federal Union of Hansdeltania launched a massive air raid called MAGIC SPEAR against Choseon days later, destroying their nuclear missile silos with pinpoint accuracy. Following MAGIC SPEAR, Choseonese forces capitulated and Hansdeltanian forces began occupying the nation until a multinational force could send occupation forces in. Later that year in September, Hansdeltanian forces launched a multilateral offensive against Choseon. EASTERN WIND, as it was called, effectively fractured the Choseonese Empire into its constituent states. Following the Second Choseonese Conflict, the JADF acquired a number of improved F-15 Eagle and F-4 Phantom fighters from the Federal Union.

In April 2020, the Japanese Government announced that the Japanese Air Defense Force would be reorganized into the Republic of Japan Air Force, effective May 15, 2020.

Mission
The Defense Forces Act of 1954, which created the Japanese Defense Forces and the Air Defense Force by extension, specifies that the ROJAF will be responsible for the aerial defense of the Republic of Japan against foreign and internal aggression. The ROJAF's official mission statement is "Defend the Republic in the air, space, and cyberspace—anywhere, anytime." Its core missions are aerospace supremacy, integrated intelligence, rapid mobility, rapid reaction, and command and control. These five missions bring the concept that the ROJAF calls Japanese reach, Japanese vigilance, and Japanese power.

Organization
The ROJAF consists of five different major commands Air Defense, Air Support, Air Training, Air Development and Testing, and Air Materiel. Air Support Command is responsible for direct operational support from airlift to meteorology. Air Training Command is tasked with training JADF airmen in technical and aviation fields, and Air Development and Testing Command oversees research and deployment of technology. A sixth command will be created for nuclear deterrence.

Air Defense Command is the largest ROJAF command and is assigned with the task of defending the Republic of Japan. It respectively maintains Northern, Southern, Western, and Southwestern Air Forces headquarters at Misawa, Aomori Prefecture; Iruma, Saitama Prefecture; Kasuga, Fukuoka; and Naha, Okinawa.

• Republic of Japan Air Force

  • Air Defense Command (Yokota Air Base)

    • Northern Air Force (Misawa, Aomori Prefecture)

      • 2nd Air Wing (Chitose Air Base)

        • 103rd Tactical Fighter Squadron (A-1A)

        • 201st Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15JS)

        • 202nd Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15J)

        • 203rd Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15J)

      • 3rd Air Wing (Misawa Air Base)

        • 3rd Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-2A)

        • 4th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15J)

        • 302nd Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-35JA)

      • Northern Air Command Support Group (T-4)

      • Northern Air Control Wing

      • 3rd Air Defense Missile Group

      • 6th Air Defense Missile Group

      • Northern Special Warfare Wing

    • Central Air Force (Iruma, Saitama Prefecture)

      • 6th Air Wing (Komatsu Air Base)

        • 18th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-22J)

        • 303rd Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15JS)

        • 306th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15J)

      • 7th Air Wing (Hyakuri Air Base)

        • 2nd Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15JX)

        • 5th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-2A)

        • 301st Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-35JA)

      • Central Air Command Support Group (T-4)

      • Central Air Control Wing

      • 1st Air Defense Missile Group

      • 4th Air Defense Missile Group

    • Western Air Force (Kasuga, Fukuoka Prefecture)

      • 5th Air Wing (Nyutabaru Air Base)

        • 101st Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-3A)

        • 105th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15J)

        • 305th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15J)

      • 8th Air Wing (Tsuiki Air Base)

        • 6th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-2A)

        • 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15J)

        • 205th Tactical Fighter Squadron (A-1A)

      • Western Air Command Support Group (T-4)

      • Western Air Control Wing

      • 5th Air Defense Missile Group

    • Southwestern Air Force (Naha, Okinawa Prefecture)

      • 9th Air Wing (Naha Air Base)

        • 7th Homeland Defense Squadron (B-1A)

        • 204th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15JS)

        • 207th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-2C)

        • 304th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-15J)

        • 617th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-3A)

      • Southwestern Air Command Support Group (T-4)

      • Southwestern Air Control Wing

      • 5th Air Defense Missile Group

    • Airborne Early Warning Group (Hamamatsu, Shizuoka)

      • 601st Airborne Early Warning Squadron (E-2J, Misawa Air Base)

      • 602nd Airborne Early Warning Squadron (E-767, Hamamatsu Air Base)

      • 603rd Airborne Early Warning Squadron (E-2J, Naha Air Base)

    • Tactical Reconnaissance Group (Hyakuri Air Base)

      • 501st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (RF-4EJ)

    • Air Tactics Development Wing (Yokota, Tokyo)

      • Tactical Fighter Training Group (F-15DJ, Komatsu Air Base)

      • Electronic Warfare Squadron (EC-1/YS-11EB, Iruma Air Base)

      • Electronic Intelligence Squadron (YS-11EB, Iruma Air Base)

    • Air Defense Missile Training Group (Hamamatsu Air Base/Chitose Air Base)

  • Air Support Command (Fuchuu Air Base)

    • 1st Tactical Airlift Group (Komaki Air Base)

      • 401st Tactical Airlift Squadron (C-130HJ/KC-130J)

      • 404th Tactical Airlift Squadron (KC-46J)

    • 2nd Tactical Airlift Group (Iruma Air Base)

      • 402nd Tactical Airlift Squadron (C-1/U-4)

      • 406th Tactical Airlift Squadron (C-130HJ)

    • 3rd Tactical Airlift Group (Miho Air Base)

      • 403rd Tactical Airlift Squadron (C-1/C-2)

      • 41st Tactical Airlift Squadron (T-400)

    • 1st Strategic Airlift Group (Yokota Air Base)

      • 407th Strategic Airlift Squadron (C-3A)

      • 408th Strategic Airlift Squadron (KC-78J)

      • 409th Strategic Airlift Squadron (C-17J)

    • Air Traffic Control Service Group

    • Air Weather Group

    • Flight Check Squadron (U-125/YS-11FC, Iruma Air Base)

    • Special Airlift Group

      • 701st Special Airlift Squadron (VC-777B, Chitose Air Base)

      • 707th Special Airlift Squadron (U-4)

  • Air Training Command (Hamamatsu Air Base)

    • 1st Air Wing (Hamamatsu Air Base)

      • 31st Flight Training Squadron (T-4)

      • 32nd Flight Training Squadron

    • 4th Air Wing (Matsushima Air Base)

      • 11th Flight Demonstration Squadron Blue Impulse (T-4)

      • 21st Fighter Training Squadron (F-2B)

    • 11th Flight Training Wing (Shizuhama Air Base)

      • 901st Flight Training Squadron (T-7)

      • 902nd Flight Training Squadron (T-7)

    • 12th Flight Training Wing (Houfu Air Base)

      • 911th Flight Training Squadron (T-7)

      • 912th Flight Training Squadron (T-7)

    • 13th Flight Training Wing (Ashiya Air Base)

      • 921st Flight Training Squadron (T-4)

      • 922nd Flight Training Squadron (T-4)

    • Fighter Training Group (Nyutabaru Air Base)

      • 23rd Fighter Training Squadron (F-15DJ/T-4)

    • 1st Technical School

    • 2nd Technical School

    • 3rd Technical School

    • 4th Technical School

    • 5th Technical School

    • Air Basic Training Wing

    • Air Training Aids Group

    • Officer Candidate School

  • Air Development and Testing Command (Iruma Air Base)

    • Air Development and Testing Wing (F-15DJ/F-2B/C-1FTB/C-2/F-4EJ/T-4, Gifu Air Base)

    • Electronics Development and Testing Group

    • Aeromedical Laboratory

  • Strategic Deterrence Command (Yokota Air Base)

    • Long-Range Strategic Strike Wing (Yokota Air Base)

      • Northern Long-Range Strategic Strike Group

        • 441st Strategic Deterrence Squadron (A-2A, Chitose Air Base)

      • Central Long-Range Strategic Strike Group

        • 13th Strategic Deterrence Squadron (F-15EJ, Yokota Air Base)

        • 442nd Strategic Deterrence Squadron (B-1A, Iwakuni Naval Air Station)

      • Western Long-Range Strategic Strike Group

        • 1st Strategic Deterrence Squadron (A-2A, Hachinohe Naval Air Station)

        • 443rd Strategic Deterrence Squadron (A-2A, Kasuga Air Base)

      • Southwestern Long-Range Strategic Strike Group

        • 440th Strategic Deterrence Squadron (B-1A, Naha Air Base)

    • Missile Deterrence Wing

  • Special Warfare Command

    • Northern Special Warfare Wing

      • Akita Special Warfare Group (Akita Air Base)

        • Akita Special Warfare Helicopter Squadron (UH-60J)

        • Akita Special Warfare Operations Squadron

      • Chitose Special Warfare Group (Chitose Air Base)

        • Chitose Special Warfare Helicopter Squadron (UH-60J)

        • Chitose Special Warfare Operations Squadron

      • Misawa Special Warfare Group (Misawa Air Base)

        • Misawa Special Warfare Airlift Squadron (CH-47JA)

        • Akita Special Warfare Operations Squadron

    • Central Special Warfare Wing

      • Hamamatsu Special Warfare Group (Hamamatsu Air Base)

        • Hamamatsu Special Warfare Helicopter Squadron (UH-60J)

        • Hamamatsu Special Warfare Operations Squadron

    • Western Special Warfare Wing

      • Ashiya Special Warfare Group (Ashiya Air Base)

        • Ashiya Special Warfare Helicopter Squadron (UH-60J)

        • Ashiya Special Warfare Operations Squadron

    • Southwestern Special Warfare Wing

      • Naha Special Warfare Group (Naha Air Base)

        • Naha Special Warfare Helicopter Squadron (UH-60J)

        • Naha Special Warfare Operations Squadron

Ranks

Grade	Rank (Japanese)	Rank (English)	Insignia (Type I Service Dress Uniform)	Insignia (Type II Service Uniform)	Insignia (BDU)
K-0	Shin kaiin (ShK)	Recruit (RCT)			No insignia worn on BDUs
K-1	2Tō Kūshi (2Ki)	Airman 2nd Class (AM2)
K-2	1Tō Kūshi (1Ki)	Airman 1st Class (AM1)
K-3	Kūshichō (Kic)	Senior Airman (SRA)
K-4	3Tō Kūsō (3Ko)	Sergeant 3rd Class (SG3)
K-5	2Tō Kūsō (2Ko)	Sergeant 2nd Class (SG2)
K-6	1Tō Kūsō (1Ko)	Sergeant 1st Class (SG1)
K-7	Kūsōchō (Ksc)	Chief Sergeant (CSG)
K-8	Jun'i (Jni)	Warrant Officer (WOF)
Y-1	2Tō Chū li (2Cl)	Second Lieutenant (2LT)
Y-2	1Tō Chū li (1Cl)	First Lieutenant (1LT)
Y-3	Shushō (Shu)	Captain (CPT)
Y-4	Shōsa (Shs)	Major (MAJ)
Y-5	Chūsa (Chs)	Lieutenant Colonel (LTC)
Y-6	Taisa (Tsa)	Colonel (COL)
Y-7	Junshō (Jsō)	Brigadier General (BRG)
Y-8	Shōshō (Shō)	Major General (MGN)
Y-9	Chūjō (Chj)	Lieutenant General (LTG)
Y-10	Taishō (Tsō)	General (GEN)
Y-11	Kūgun Taishō (KGT)	General of the Air Force (GAF)
Y-12	Nihon Kyōwakoku Shōgun (NKS)	Marshal of the Republic of Japan (MJR)

Equipment
Main article: Equipment of the Japanese Air Force

Combat aircraft

Aircraft	Origin	Function	Number in service
F-2A Viper	Japan Federal Union	Multirole fighter	98
F-3A Shinden	Japan Federal Union	Air superiority fighter	40
F-4EJ Yurei	Japan Federal Union	Multirole fighter	30
F-15J Eagle Kai	Japan Federal Union	Air superiority fighter	200
F-22J Moukin	Japan Federal Union	Air superiority fighter	20
F-35JA Inazuma	Japan Federal Union	Multirole fighter	38, 105 on order

Combat support

Aircraft	Origin	Function	Number in service
EC-1	Japan	Electronic warfare	1
E-2J Kagami	Japan Federal Union	Airborne early warning	20
YS-11EA	Japan	Electronic warfare	8
KC-46J Tenba	Japan Federal Union	Aerial refueling	12
KC-130HJ Choujin	Japan Federal Union	Aerial refueling	5
E-767J	Japan Federal Union	Airborne early warning	8