General Assembly

Day breaks on a new General Assembly. Whether through something as baroque as an arcane ritual or as pedestrian as a loose power cord, the old institution is no more and its volume of standing resolutions has been wiped clean.

Thus, it is our privilege and duty as sovereign members of this body of NationStates to forge a new international order. The new General Assembly must seize this opportunity at this critical juncture in history, and learn from the legacy of its predecessor to secure a new vision for the future that centers the needs and sovereignty of its constituents.

In pursuit of those lofty and necessary goals, the General Assembly hereby recognizes the following realities:

1. This new General Assembly is the successor to the one of old, whose resolutions no longer have effect.

2. Member nations are considered competent to manage their own affairs. They possess sovereignty over matters within their jurisdiction, including the ability to freely engage with international affairs.

3. In exercising their sovereignty, member nations may choose to cede it, such as by adopting and implementing resolutions passed by this body or participating in regional or other supranational units.

4. The World Assembly must maintain infrastructure necessary for the execution of its functions and responsibilities, such as administrative bureaucracy and funding mechanisms.

For the benefit of members and future legislative efforts, the General Assembly additionally recognizes the following distinctions:

1. There is a distinction between resolution effects that are Assembly-wide, such as the establishment of agencies or reservation of powers, and effects that are member nation-specific due to flowing from a member nation's obligations under resolutions it adopts.

2. In its capacity as an expression of the collective will of its member nations, the General Assembly expresses collective positions and commitments through resolutions it passes. However, individual member nations subscribe to those positions and commitments by adopting the relevant resolutions.

Based on those realities, and in order to begin the great work of establishing foundational infrastructure for the vibrant legislative efforts sure to come, the General Assembly enacts the following:

1. Member nations possess formal equality under World Assembly law.

2. Member nations must make a good-faith effort to fulfill their obligations under General Assembly resolutions they adopt.

When one chapter ends, another begins. It is time for the General Assembly to usher in a new age of international relations, and to forge a new, better legacy. This body looks forward to the coming era, and eagerly awaits what its members will accomplish. Together, we can improve the world, one resolution at a time.

The World Assembly,

Well aware of its newly-minted status of international body, serving tens of thousands of nations worldwide, and the responsibility that comes alongside dutiful oversight of these nations, and

Wishing to establish an early standard of respect within this institution, and between members, which preserves the autonomy of individual members of this body while still being capable of accomplishing policy goals of international significance, therefore

Enacts as follows:

1. All binding actions taken by this Assembly ought to satisfy each of the following conditions:

   1. the subject matter presents a collective action problem that member nations cannot adequately address through independent domestic action, fundamental rights that transcend national sovereignty, or some other transboundary concern;

   2. the scope and intrusiveness of the resolution does not exceed what is reasonably necessary to address the identified concern; and

   3. among the available policy approaches capable of achieving the resolution's objective, the approach chosen is the least burdensome on the domestic governance of member nations, with respect to current understanding of how that is best accomplished.

2. No binding action shall be taken by this body that impedes the sovereign right of members to determine their own constitutional order, or otherwise mandates or prohibits the adoption of any particular form of government, political system, or governing ideology. No resolution should govern a matter which is purely domestic in character and would violate clause 1 of this resolution.

3. In all areas of policy which do not have explicit, active resolutions or clauses governing them, it is to be presumed that the World Assembly reserves governance of this issue to individual members, or independent coalitions of members, where applicable, for their policy assessment.

4. Member nations are expected to extend good faith recognition of domestic policy choices of other members in areas which are not covered by the World Assembly or other relevant treaties, consistent with clause three of this resolution. This clause should not be construed to restrict member governments or officials from expressing political opinion regarding the domestic policies of other members.

The World Assembly,

Seeing that slavery and the trade of sapient beings is a significant threat to the well-being of individuals, communities, and worlds throughout the multiverse,

Recognizing that noble efforts were undertaken in outlawing these barbaric practices since nearly the beginning of the historic General Assembly,

Now hoping to follow in those footsteps and ban such practices once more in a concise and straightforward manner,

Definitions:

1. “Slavery” is a state of servitude in which a natural person or other entity exercises the powers of ownership over another person;

2. “Forced labour” is a system of labour which is forced upon a natural person under threat of harm or penalty and against the will of the labourer, excluding the following cases:

   1. National service applying to a large fraction of the national population, using conscription based on objective factors, and limited in period to at most half of an individual's life expectancy;

   2. Dire and particular circumstances, where not working significantly risks danger to others;

   3. If the labourer agrees with informed and prior consent to labour for a fixed and finite term or quantity;

3. “Trafficking” as the sale or transfer of persons for the purpose of forced or slave labour, or the facilitation of such a transfer;

Mandates:

1. Slavery, trafficking, and forced labour are prohibited in all member states;

2. Ownership of any person is not legally recognized in member states;

3. Member nations shall facilitate the consensual repatriation of trafficked persons to other member nations;

4. The World Assembly is to impose comprehensive sanctions against states recognizing legal slavery and trafficking.

The World Assembly,

Recognizing that issues of transboundary nature, of which environmental degradation is among the most consequential, are a salient concern for this Body to address, as no member state alone can fully address damages arising therefrom, and

Convinced that the long-term sustainability of shared ecosystems and the pursuit of economic development are inalienable rights of this Assembly’s members best considered as complementary, not competing, objectives to be navigated according to each member’s individual circumstances and capabilities, and

Noting that, following the annihilation of the body previously occupying this space, no extant WA entity serves to coordinate endeavors of environmental concern nor facilitate the international exchange of environmental information, hereby enacts as follows:

1. The World Assembly establishes the following guiding principles, in the hope that they will be respected and upheld by all members:

   1. Pursuant to international law, each member has the right to exploit the resources within their jurisdiction and the responsibility to ensure that such exploitation does not cause undue environmental harm to the jurisdiction of other members without their consent;

   2. Where there is a risk for significant or long-term environmental damage from state action or inaction, uncertainty of the possibility of such damage should not preclude reasonable efforts to prevent environmental damage;

   3. In cases where a member causes undue or preventable transboundary environmental harm to a neighboring member’s jurisdiction, the member responsible is also responsible for the cost of the infringement, accounting for feasibility, public interest, international trade, and other circumstantial considerations;

   4. When undertaking environmental initiatives, members ought to endeavor to equitably consider the needs of the current generation and future generations;

   5. Due to the varying circumstances, needs, and capabilities of members, each individual member has different and corresponding responsibilities to prevent and mitigate global environmental degradation;

   6. Individuals in members are entitled to be made aware of environmental proceedings which may reasonably affect them, including but not limited to health, safety, and quality of life risks from environmental degradation of any scale;

   7. Member-driven exploitation of the environment ought to be undertaken in a manner that maintains the long-term ecological viability of its components and does not cause significant degradation to adjacent, dependent, or intertwined ecosystems; and

   8. Members and their people ought to work together in good faith on environmental initiatives, especially where transboundary implications are entailed.

2. The Environmental Coordination Office (ECO) is hereby founded to aid members in their pursuit of environmental endeavors and response to environmental events. ECO shall be bound by the following duties and obligations, but shall not have the ability to compel a member into action or inaction unless further empowered by future resolutions:

   1. Regularly monitor global environmental markers, including but not limited to greenhouse gas emissions, ambient air quality, freshwater availability, and global biodiversity, and shall provide these measurements free of charge to all member governments;

   2. Coordinate with member governments on national and subnational environmental monitoring endeavors, striving to standardize environmental data measurement and reporting guidelines;

   3. Provide reasonable technical and logistical assistance to member governments suffering environmental damages or working on environmental projects upon request;

   4. Facilitate the exchange of pertinent information between members who may otherwise have difficulty exchanging such information, for example due to diplomatic tensions;

3. Upon becoming aware of an event within their jurisdiction that poses a credible risk of significant transboundary environmental harm, such as the large-scale release of pollutants, acute ecosystem collapse, or hazardous contamination of waterways or airsheds, members will notify ECO and any other potentially affected parties under World Assembly jurisdiction as soon as possible.

4. Any body established by future World Assembly legislation to address environmental matters should, unless that legislation specifies otherwise, either operate as a subsidiary body under ECO's administrative coordination or maintain a formally coordinated relationship with ECO, and shall work to ensure coherence among World Assembly environmental policy and the principles established herein.

The General Assembly,

RECOGNIZING that armed conflict causes immense and unnecessary suffering among civilians;

AFFIRMING that humane conduct in warfare and the protection of civilians are vital principles of international law;

ACKNOWLEDGING that serious violations of moral and humanitarian norms during armed conflict should be recognized as war crimes;

SEEKING to establish standards for the protection of civilians, protected persons, medical operations, and evidence relating to such crimes;

Hereby establishes the following standards regarding war crimes and the conduct of warfare:

1. Defines “civilian” as any individual who is not a member of armed forces or otherwise directly participating in hostilities;

2. Civilians are not legitimate military targets unless directly participating in hostilities, and combatants must distinguish between civilians and military objectives while taking reasonable precautions to minimize civilian harm when engaging lawful military targets;

3. Actions intended to terrorize civilian populations are prohibited, including attacks, threats, demonstrations of violence, or military operations intended to spread fear, intimidation, or severe physical harm among civilians;

4. Defines “civilian infrastructure” as facilities primarily supporting civilian life, including housing, humanitarian shelters, medical facilities, water, electrical, food, and sanitation systems;

5. Targeting civilian infrastructure is prohibited unless it directly and substantially contributes to military operations and its destruction, capture, or neutralization would provide a definite military advantage;

6. Medical facilities retain special protection unless used for hostile military-related purposes beyond their humanitarian function;

7. The deliberate use of civilians, the wounded and sick, or protected civilian infrastructure to shield military objectives from attack is prohibited, including placing military forces or material among them for that purpose;

8. The starvation of civilian populations as a method of warfare is prohibited, including deliberate deprivation or destruction of resources vital for civilian survival and wellbeing;

9. Individuals captured or detained during armed conflict must be treated humanely, including:

   1. protection from torture, cruel treatment, or degrading treatment;

   2. access to food, water, shelter, and medical care sufficient to preserve basic health and survival, to the greatest extent reasonably practicable and without adverse distinction;

   3. protection from execution or punishment solely on the basis of nationality, civilian status, or lawful service in an opposing armed force, except following lawful judicial process and conviction for a specific criminal offense;

   4. protection from being taken or held as hostages;
      

10. Military officials, civilian authorities, or other persons exercising effective authority over combatants or military operations shall be held responsible for war crimes committed by subordinates where they knew, or reasonably should have known, that such crimes were being committed or likely to be committed, and failed to take reasonable measures within their authority to prevent, stop, report, or punish such acts;

11. The wounded and sick, meaning individuals rendered incapable of fighting by wounds or sickness, whether military or civilian, must not be attacked, denied protection, or deprived of adequate medical care except by legitimate medical priority;

12. Medical personnel, medical transport, and exclusively humanitarian medical operations must not be targeted or obstructed unless used beyond their humanitarian function for hostile military-related purposes;

13. Member states shall take reasonable and feasible measures to preserve evidence in their possession or control relating to credible allegations of war crimes, including documentation of civilian harm, preservation of relevant battlefield evidence, and cooperation with investigations;

14. Establishes the World Assembly War Crimes Documentation Commission, tasked with collecting and maintaining records of alleged war crimes reported by member states, assisting with documentation and evidence preservation, and publishing periodic reports summarizing international news and trends relating to violations of this Convention.
    

The World Assembly,

Affirming that member nations are sovereign political communities and not constituent subdivisions of an international federation;

Holding that such political communities ultimately derive their legitimacy from the societies that they represent, and therefore remain the primary institutions through which societies govern their own affairs;

Observing that the wide variety of political, social, and economic systems present throughout the international community renders centralized regulation both necessarily inefficient and generalizing to a dangerous extent;

Acknowledging that nevertheless, certain matters require international cooperation, whether due to their transboundary nature or their relation to fundamental rights;

Cognizant that efforts to address such matters carry the risk of displacing sovereign governance from its core competencies and, in doing so, can undermine the legitimacy of this body;

Seeking to establish a durable framework governing the relationship between the Assembly and its members;

Hereby:

1. Establishes that sovereign authority is presumed to reside in member nations except where expressly modified by legislation enacted by this Assembly;

2. Recognizes the following areas of governance as core sovereign competencies ordinarily reserved to member nations:

   1. Territorial governance, including the administration of territory and the populations subject to national authority;

   2. Domestic lawmaking, judicial administration, and the enforcement of the law;

   3. Foreign relations, including all facets of diplomacy, participation in international organizations, and commerce;

   4. National defense and the protection of populations from external threats;

   5. Economic governance, including taxation, fiscal and monetary policy, public expenditure, and currency issuance;

   6. Border control, immigration policy, and employment within national territory;

   7. The management, conservation, and exploitation of resources within national jurisdiction;

   8. Cultural, linguistic, educational, and civic policy;

3. Recognizes that matters involving the above areas of governance may nonetheless require international intervention where necessary to address transboundary concerns or protect fundamental rights;

4. Establishes that legislation affecting one or more sovereign competencies shall:

   1. Identify the competencies implicated by such legislation;

   2. Explain the necessity of Assembly action with respect to those competencies;

   3. Preserve the exercise of sovereign authority to the greatest extent consistent with achieving the objectives of that legislation;

5. Establishes that where legislation affects core sovereign competencies, implementation and enforcement shall be conducted through cooperation whenever reasonably practicable, and that legislation establishing such cooperative mechanisms shall provide procedures for review or appeal of decisions made pursuant thereto;

6. Mandates that member nations ensure their diplomats or representatives to the Assembly are appropriately instructed regarding their role and responsibilities within this body, recognizing that such instruction is necessary to enable the Assembly to conduct its proceedings through informed participation by its members, while leaving the means by which such instruction is provided to the discretion of each member nation.

The World Assembly,

Understanding the connection between a nation's capacity for innovation and the future prosperity of that nation, and believing in the ardent bolstering of national pursuit of innovation in order to support both its members and their citizens, and

Noting that nations which are still in the process of their development may find it harder to support the pursuit of knowledge by their denizens, which can exacerbate global socioeconomic inequities as nations which must spend the majority of their budget on, say, fundamental welfare programs, are kept from supporting the prospects of their rise on the global stage, therefore

Enacts as follows:

1. The World Assembly shall establish the World Assembly Science and Innovation Foundation (WASIF), which shall be tasked with encouraging and promoting basic and applied scientific research and scientific education in members.

   1. WASIF shall have the authority to initiate and support diverse research in members through the establishment of scientific grants, contracts, loans, and other forms of monetary or infrastructural support, as allowed by the WASIF budget. Forms of support must be awarded through a competitive process, based on the scientific merits of the proposal, the current infrastructure in the jurisdiction the request is coming from and the prospect for creating long-term improvements of that infrastructure, and educational outcomes for researchers on the project. No grant may be awarded to a non-citizen or non-resident of a World Assembly member.

   2. WASIF shall be empowered to provide scholarships and fellowships to promising students and early-career researchers, on a basis of financial need, merit, and available funds of the WASIF budget.

   3. WASIF shall have the authority to create relevant sub-branches, subject to World Assembly legislation, to aid in the pursuit of knowledge of specific research disciplines, including the physical sciences, social sciences, medical sciences, engineering, mathematics, or any other subject areas deemed relevant.

   4. WASIF shall work with national scientific agencies, where appropriate, to foster the exchange of information between scientists who reside in different World Assembly members.

   5. WASIF shall publish a semiannual report of finances, research proposals supported, geographical areas supported, and impacts resulting from WASIF-funded research. WASIF shall also be empowered to publish information on a more regular basis, as their mission so requires.

2. The World Assembly shall establish Global Research & Development Centers (GRDCs), which are to be administered by WASIF or a sub-entity thereof, which shall perform scientific and technological research in disciplinary priorities of the World Assembly. GRDCs may be established by WASIF in response to research priorities, and shall be established either in international territory, or individual members (including entities therein) may submit proposals for the site to be located in their jurisdiction, which shall be reviewed by an independent entity.

3. WASIF shall host the World Assembly Research Consortium, which shall be a forum for the international exchange of information and research. The Research Consortium shall establish relevant journals for each discipline, as needed. Any scientist or researcher in a member nation may publish rigorous, peer-reviewed research articles in a Research Consortium journal free-of-charge, and scientists or researcher in a non-member nation may publish peer-reviewed, credible research articles in a Research Consortium journal for an affordable and fair price. An appropriate portion of revenue generated from published research in Research Consortium journal shall be given to the scientist or researcher in the form of a royalty.

4. Any research funded with World Assembly monies under the provisions of this resolution must be made available free-of-charge to all individuals residing in a member nation, and must be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. The information may be kept behind a paywall for individuals residing in non-member nations. This clause may be waived upon a determination by WASIF or individual members that the research performed poses a substantial risk to local, national, or international security, or otherwise has dangerous applications in the hands of bad actors.

The General Assembly,

Alarmed by the destruction, neglect, and deliberate erasure of culturally significant sites across the world,

Affirming the significance of protecting and preserving the cultures and histories of all peoples, and the World Assembly’s duty to work to uphold this importance,

Recognising that culturally, historically, religiously, and scientifically significant sites constitute both a vital piece of the world’s shared cultural heritage and an irreplaceable component of the identity and traditions of local peoples and civilisations,

Defending the freedom of World Assembly nations to safeguard places meriting such preservation on the Assembly’s behalf,

Hereby,

1. Defines “places of cultural significance” as locations holding exceptional and irreplaceable cultural, historical, or scientific value, such that their preservation is of common concern to the international community. Such categories of places which may warrant preservation include, but are not limited to:

   1. Those where artificially created structures stand or have historically stood,

   2. Those where a singular or multiple historical events of significance have taken place,

   3. Those which are of particular importance to religious or cultural traditions.

2. Establishes the World Landmarks Oversight Board (WLOB) as a body managing the “World Cultural Landmarks” registry of defined protected places, charged with:

   1. Overseeing the evaluation, selection, establishment, and removal of World Cultural Landmarks,

   2. Ensuring the proper protection, administration, and maintenance of World Cultural Landmarks,

   3. Monitoring the distribution and usage of all designated funds put forth for the appointment, establishment, and upkeep of World Cultural Landmarks,

   4. Maintaining an updated list of World Cultural Landmarks at risk, consisting of all World Cultural Landmarks that are threatened by significant dangers, such as military conflict, environmental degradation, and neglect,

   5. Encouraging the further expansion and continued proper conservation of World Cultural Landmarks for future generations.

3. Allows member nations to nominate locations within their jurisdictions to the WLOB for designation and removal as World Cultural Landmarks. This is the sole process by which World Cultural Landmarks may be established.

4. Requires member nations with World Cultural Landmarks to take reasonable measures to identify, protect, and preserve all World Cultural Landmarks within their own jurisdiction, while providing the WLOB information regarding the condition and preservation of such sites.

The General Assembly,

Understanding that GA#1 "Daybreak" recognizes the World Assembly (WA) maintains necessary infrastructure for the execution of its functions;

Affirming that such infrastructure should respect the national sovereignty of member nations and avoid imposing undue burdens upon them;

Observing that generations of delegates have demonstrated a remarkable tendency to conclude negotiations, settle misunderstandings, and accidentally draft treaties while gathered at the World Assembly Strangers' Bar (WASB);

Further observing that the recent addition of the World Assembly Ballroom (WABR) has transformed the establishment from a favored diplomatic watering hole into one of the most practical meeting places; and

Concluding that it is generally wiser to designate the place everyone already uses as the World Assembly Headquarters (WAHQ) than to construct another one elsewhere or evict squatters from the previous location;

Hereby:

1. Designates the WASB, together with the adjoining WABR, as the official headquarters of the World Assembly (WASBBRHQ), serving as its principal venue for diplomatic engagement, administrative activity, official ceremonies, and such other functions as are necessary to facilitate the work of the World Assembly;

2. Declares that no member nation shall obtain preferential status or influence over WASBBRHQ operations by virtue of geography, patronage, or repeated success during trivia night;

3. Recognizes the corridor outside the restrooms as the Hall of Nations, acknowledging its historic role as the location of years' worth of impromptu diplomatic discussions, emergency coalition-building, awkward encounters, and delegates pretending they were heading somewhere else all along;

4. Orders the placement of a photograph of the Kennyite delegation in a spot of honor above the bar;

5. Reserves the northwest corner booth of WASBBRHQ for exclusive use by the World Assembly Secretariat when conducting official business, with the stipulation that:

1. Secretariat members shall only relinquish the booth whenever they unanimously agree that another table looks more comfortable; and

2. no international incident shall arise solely because another delegation mistakenly believes the booth to be available;

6. Directs that routine operating expenses of the WASBBRHQ shall be offset through voluntary commercial revenue generated on the premises, including:

1. a tip jar, the proceeds of which shall be distributed among WASBBRHQ custodial, hospitality, maintenance, and other building staff; and

2. a jukebox, an automated teller machine (ATM), and exactly two slot machines, whose net revenues shall be dedicated exclusively to the maintenance, repair, improvement, and continued operation of the WASBBRHQ;

7. Clarifies that no member nation shall be obligated to contribute financially through the use of any such amenity;

8. Encourages member nations to make use of the WASBBRHQ for formal negotiations, back channel communications, cultural exchange, and the peaceful resolution of disputes, while reminding delegates that endorsement levels and shouting "Point of Order!" does not reserve a place in the queue for the restrooms; and

9. Affirms that nothing in this resolution shall be interpreted as limiting the ability of the World Assembly under future resolutions to regulate diplomatic privileges, security, administrative procedures, or other matters necessary for the effective operation of the WASBBRHQ.

The World Assembly understands there to be fundamental rights to life, dignity, and legal recognition for all persons within its jurisdiction. From these basic rights, a right to freedom from torture can be extrapolated. In pursuit of a strong international solution to ensure that all peoples are guaranteed this right, the World Assembly hereby enacts the following:

1. For the purposes of this resolution, “torture” is defined as any act which seeks to inflict severe psychological or physical pain or trauma against an individual for an interest in:

   1. coercing persons into providing information or consent, or complying with demands that are not strictly necessary to the conduction of law enforcement or military action; or

   2. punishing persons or using their pain or trauma to coerce or influence others.

2. Subjecting a person to torture is to be treated as a serious criminal offence in individual member-states’ jurisdictions and, when done in large scale against a civilian population, a crime against humanity as covered by international law. Aiding the execution of these crimes and complicity in torture must also be criminalised, with sanctions to be set proportionately to involvement.

3. The prior clause shall be interpreted as mandating the criminalization of significant involvement in the planning, ordering, or execution of torture; and as mandating the criminalization of compliance with an order to torture, except where:

   1. compliance was necessary to avoid grave punishment upon the complying person or another person known to the complying person, and

   2. that punishment is not merely financial or on the basis of reputation.

4. Member-states must provide educational materials for persons directly or indirectly serving them in roles that involve interrogation, criminal investigation, or the handling of prisoners or detainees, including instruction on the international prohibition of torture and the rights of persons regarding it.

5. It is the duty of every member-state to combat the practice of torture in its institutions and among its inhabitants. Member-states' governments are required to thoroughly investigate any credible report or accusation of torture within their jurisdiction, and prosecute it.

6. Confessions, testimonies, statements, and any other piece of evidence acquired by means of torture shall be considered inadmissible in every court proceeding, national or otherwise. Evidence an accused produced against themselves by torturing another person is admissible exclusively for the purpose of facilitating proceedings against them. The victims of torture may also use evidence produced by their torturing to prove the innocence of themselves or others on related accusations.

7. Member states may not retaliate against persons via direct or indirect means for reporting or attempting to report a violation of this resolution's mandates that is credible to the best of the reporter's knowledge, and must take effective action to curtail any retaliation which occurs in the jurisdiction of their state.

The World Assembly,

Aiming to promote fundamental legal principles across member nations,

Insisting that individuals possess a fundamental right to liberty and protection from arbitrary deprivation thereof,

Reaffirming that individuals should not be prosecuted unless they have violated criminal law, as it was promulgated at the time of the offence,

Recognizing that having legal standards that are publicly accessible and clear is crucial to ensuring fairness, predictability, and the rule of law,

Worried that unpublished laws lead to arbitrary and inconsistent legal enforcement,

Mandates:

a. "Recognized source of law" is defined, for the purposes of this resolution, as any source of law, judicial precedent, or executive policy which possesses legal authority to establish criminal liability,

b. Each member nation shall ensure that all recognized sources of law for that member nation are publicly promulgated and accessible to all whom they may apply to, whether directly by that member nation itself or indirectly by some organisations or individuals,

c. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment, unless authorized by a recognized source of law promulgated in accordance with the prior clause,

d. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment for any act that was not unlawful at the time the act occurred,

e. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment for any act in excess of that applicable at the time of the act

f. Member nations must provide a mechanism to allow individuals to seek judicial or equivalent lawful review of convictions or penalties purportedly imposed against this resolution's prohibitions,

g. When such review deems convictions or penalties have been imposed in violation of this resolution, member nations shall ensure appropriate legal remedy is provided and that convictions which were made not in compliance with this resolution are to be nullified,

h. Nothing in this resolution shall provide legal protection to individuals who claim ignorance of the law if the relevant law was publicly promulgated at the time of the act.

The World Assembly,

Recognizing the importance of the electromagnetic spectrum in global communication, enabling modern wonders from cell phones to accurate weather forecasting to the internet, and

Cognizant of the fact that, despite these wondrous technologies stemming from spectrum use, the physics underpinning spectrum do not care for trivial political matters like "national borders," and that the international community failing to coordinate their spectrum use may jeopardize the advantages of the technology for all, and

Nervously sweating about the prospect of tackling this subject for thousands of nations with competing interests worldwide, therefore enacts as follows:

1. For the purposes of this resolution:

   1. "Spectrum" shall refer to the range of electromagnetic frequencies capable of being used for the transmission of information without physical connection between the points of transmission and reception;

   2. "Band" shall refer to any continuous portion of the spectrum defined by an upper and lower boundary;

   3. "Allocation" shall refer to the designation of a band for one or more classes of use, establishing the purposes for which the band may be used;

   4. "Assignment" shall refer to an authorization granted by a member to a particular user to operate within an allocated band, consistent with the allocation governing that band;

   5. "Harmful interference" shall refer to the degradation, obstruction, or repeated interruption of another use of the spectrum to a significant degree.

2. The Spectrum Policy and Allocations Network (SPAN) is established as the World Assembly body responsible for coordinating the use of spectrum among members. SPAN shall be bound by the following duties and responsibilities:

   1. SPAN shall establish and maintain a table of allocations designating appropriate use for each band, and revise it as technological and operational circumstances require;

   2. To members that lack the technical capacity to coordinate their assignments, SPAN shall provide reasonable technical assistance upon request, and when coordinating access to unassigned spectrum bands shall give due consideration to these members;

   3. Upon member request, SPAN shall attempt to voluntarily coordinate with non-members whose spectrum use interacts with that of members, or otherwise assist members in managing use adjacent to uncoordinated jurisdictions.

   4. SPAN shall not have the power to compel any member into action or inaction unless actively provided for by the World Assembly.

3. There shall exist a register of assignments, which shall be operated and maintained by SPAN and made available to all members. This register shall operate as follows:

   1. Before bringing into use an assignment that may cause harmful interference to another member, a member shall coordinate that assignment with affected members and record it in the register;

   2. Recorded assignments are protected against harmful interference from other members in the order in which they are recorded;

   3. A member whose spectrum use causes undue harmful interference to an earlier protected assignment shall forfeit the protections this resolution grants to their own assignments;

   4. Upon becoming aware of an event or emergent condition posing a credible risk of harmful interference to another member, a member must notify SPAN and any potentially affected members as soon as reasonably practicable;

   5. Disputes as to harmful interference or protected standing shall be adjudicated by SPAN;

   6. SPAN may reclaim the protected standing of assignments which are unused or held in excess of demonstrated need.

4. SPAN shall establish autonomous groups to coordinate assignments among members whose use of spectrum interacts, which shall operate as follows:

   1. Members are placed into groups on the basis of the interaction of their spectrum use, and the composition of these groups shall be adjusted as those interactions change;

   2. Each group shall coordinate assignments among its members and may make coordination refinements applicable within the group, with due consideration to the individual needs and wants of the group's members, the provisions provided by this resolution, and SPAN's table of allocations;

   3. Matters affecting members of more than one group, or unresolved within a group, shall be adjudicated by SPAN;

   4. Members may be members of multiple groups if multiple cover their spectrum needs.

The General Assembly,

Recognizing the need for international cooperation in outer space, as the shared fabric of the universe that binds all known life, a medium which is becoming increasingly reachable for developing life,

Motivated by a desire to cooperate on preserving access to, and promoting research of, this medium, through international partnership,

Pursuing collaboration on space research and exploration under the framework of national sovereignty, respecting the internal affairs of member nations while promoting cooperation that will prove beneficial to the World Assembly at large,

Hereby defines as follows:

1. Outer Space: The all-encompassing expanse of vacuum in between celestial objects, including but not limited to stars, planetary bodies, and nebulae.

2. Spacecraft: A flight-capable vehicle operated within outer space by a civilization.

3. Civilian Spacecraft: A spacecraft that is owned or operated for non-military use.

Hereby enacts as follows:

1. The Space Transport and Astronomical Research (STAR) Administration is hereby established with the following directives:

   1. Promoting international research and understanding of outer space, in the interest of uninvasive international cooperation and for the benefit of member nations.

   2. Publishing credible research findings regarding aeronautical travel and outer space phenomena, in cases where such research benefits the international community.

   3. Promoting technology sharing, with consent of any involved parties, to expedite safe, sustainable space travel in developing member nations.

   4. Collaborating with member nations and any further programs established by the General Assembly as needed to minimize internationally relevant risks deriving from spacefaring operations.

2. Member nations are encouraged to follow any applicable guidelines established by the STAR Administration on the topic of inspecting civilian spacecraft, for the purposes of verifying operational, mechanical, and structural soundness, for the purposes of reducing casualties.

   1. Member nations are encouraged to ensure that their spacecraft can last for the whole mission that they will be used for.

   2. Member nations are encouraged to ensure that their spacecraft undergo extensive structural tests and extensive mechanical tests for the purposes of preventing fuel and chemical leakages, as well as averting other dangerous issues that may arise.

3. Member nations, when operating in shared terrestrial orbits, are highly encouraged to coordinate with the STAR Administration to the extent needed to avoid, or reduce to the fullest, the risk of unintended collision between spacecraft, satellites, and other structures.

   1. For the purpose of resolving emergency situations, member nations are encouraged to share communication channels and contact procedures for civilian spacecraft operating in the same terrestrial orbits.

4. The STAR Administration shall respect the sovereignty of all member states regarding exploration, studying, and missions into outer space.

   1. The STAR Administration shall have zero authority to pass discipline onto nations.